It is the photosensitive inner lining of the eye (similar to the photographic film of a camera). When light enters the eye, the image is first formed on the retina and then sent to the brain via the Optic Nerve

Macula is the centre of the retina. For practical purposes, all fine vision is located at the macula.

It is recommended that people with high numbers, all diabetics, and people > 40 years of age get their retinas checked at least once a year.

By putting some drops called “mydriatics” which dilate the pupils. The retinas are examined by an instrument called the “indirect ophthalmoscope”.

Will someone need to accompany me for the check-up? – the pupillary dilatation can often cause significant blurring of vision for 3-4 hours. It is therefore recommended not to drive after the test. It is for the same reason that we often ask someone to accompany the patient for the test. (especially patients with already poor vision)

Diabetes affects the retina capillaries and other blood vessels. The effects of these on the retina are termed diabetic retinopathy.

Yes. Why did my diabetologist advise me on a retina/fundus examination? – to check for diabetic retinopathy, a disease that can permanently damage vision.

It affects vision by producing swelling in the macula (called macular oedema) or by producing new blood vessels in the eye (neovascularization) which can then lead to vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment.

Yes, it is preferable. People with numbers are more prone to develop weak areas (Lattice Degeneration) and retinal holes. They are also at higher risk of retinal detachment, especially if there is also a family history.

A sudden appearance of floaters, flashes that persist even after eye closure, curtain-like field loss and loss of vision.

No. retinal lasers are outpatient procedures (OPD).

No. but there is some discomfort during the procedures and few patients may complain of mild pain. Lasers are generally well tolerated.

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) refers to degenerative changes occurring in the central retina characterized by the deposition of a yellow material called Drusen. ARMD is of 2 types: Dry or Wet In wet ARMD, there is a collection of fluid or blood under the retina.

ARMD cannot be reversed. Its progress can only be slowed or arrested to some extent.

Avastin (Bevacizumab) is an anti-VEGF drug injected into the eye for the treatment of diseases like WET ARMD and macular edema due to diabetes or retinal vein occlusions. It is not FDA-approved.

Accentrix (ranibizumab) previously known as Lucentis is the FDA-approved and current GOLD STANDARD for treatment of wet ARMD worldwide. It is also approved for macular edema due to diabetes and vein occlusions. It belongs to the antiVEGF group.